My Last Lecture

Randy Pausch tells of how he was able to achieve his childhood dreams in his “Last Lecture” series.  Dying of pancreatic cancer was a setback for him but he was able to bounce back into a state of optimism where he was extremely comfortable living with his condition for what little time he had left.  Not only was he so positive but he was also very strong, being able to accomplish what many other people only dream (literally) of doing.  He wanted nothing more than to spark the interest of the audience in the fulfillment of their own childhood dreams.

One of my biggest childhood dreams was to one day attain the most successful idea of the American Dream as possible.  Being with my husband and kids, working long hours to make enough money, and living in a nice house with a picket fence was all I ever wanted.  Although recently this dream has somewhat changed for me, I still long for success and wealth to do the things that I love.  To achieve this, I must stay positive like Pausch and be willing to work harder than ever.

Another of my childhood dreams was being an Olympic gymnast.  Gymnastics was a huge part of my life before high school and I was completely dedicated to every moment.  When I had to quit my sophomore year, I had to stay positive in order to have a mindset willing to try new and interesting things.  I picked up more dance classes and I started cheerleading which was just as exciting to me.  To be able to still accomplish this childhood dream would mean that I would have to get back to training.  Even though it wouldn’t be easy, Pausch makes me think that it would be completely worth it.

Pausch mentioned many closing lessons for the audience to remember and think about.  He mentioned being prepared, never giving up, and working hard for the things you love.  My favorite message was when he said “Brick walls show who really wants it and who doesn’t.”  Oftentimes when something goes wrong we will become pessimistic and defeated.  He calls us to rise up and continue on.  Only very few people are strong enough to do something like that but only very few people will ever be able to accomplish their dreams.

Pausch tells us that in order to enhance the dreams of others he became a professor, where he thought he would have the most impact on the lives of children.  He always offered encouragement to his students and stuck up for them, knowing that they could achieve great things.  He feels the same way about his audience and wants all of us to triumph in our wildest dreams.  Pausch realizes that to accomplish your childhood dreams requires a lot of perseverance.  He motivates us to work to the highest of our capabilities and act on what we can before we become too old and start regretting that we hadn’t.

My strongest words of advice for anyone trying to fulfill their childhood dreams would be to carry on no matter what.  If someone has a dream, it is destiny meant to be followed and I strongly suggest anyone to find enough courage to actually get up and follow it.

What Are We Without Creativity?

Today in class we watched the TED Talk, “Laws that Choke Creativity”.  Throughout this speech, Larry Lessig speaks on the idea that vocal cords have been taken over by infernal machines.  The technology that we are surrounded with today will eventually ruin any sense of artistic development that we have left.  This same technology that is supposed to enrich our community is simple choking the creativity out of it instead.  It is only very soon that “We will not have a vocal cord left. The vocal cords will be eliminated by a process of evolution.”

 

He also speaks on the idea that we used to have a “read-write culture”.  People would participate in the creation and recreation of many works that enhanced society.

 

However, we have become a “read-only culture” in which it can be asked: Who is left to write? Who is left to think?  In this type of culture, “Creativity is consumed but the consumer is not a creator.”  The government has played a key role in all of this.  The laws that have been passed restrict our ability to become unique and independent in our thoughts and ideas.  The copyright laws, especially, force us into the position where there is no room left to create because every thought has already been thought by someone else once before.  Because of this, the copyright laws inflicted upon us constrain our creativity.  We cannot think of our own ideas because they are technically not our own.  If this is the case then there is absolutely nothing in this world that is ours.

 

Lessig’s main argument is that the internet is an opportunity to revive our “read-write culture”.  He shows a series of videos where people have taken previously created works and remixed them to produce something new and artistic.  He wants not piracy but creativity, using technology to recreate and enhance what we already have.

 

Lessig also argues that the architecture of the copyright law has produced the conjecture that all activities are illegal.  Every single uses of our culture is a copy and therefore nothing new can ever be created as long as this law is enacted.

 

Lessig concludes his speech with the phrase, “Legalize what it means to be young again.”

The culture that kids today are producing revolves around the idea of taking “the songs of the day and the old songs” and reviving them.  It is how we feel we can speak and be heard.  Being creative is our way of understanding the world around us.

 

He then states that “…the law is nothing more than an a** to be ignored and to be fought at every opportunity possible.”  Let us rise against the laws we deem unfair and let us stop being victims of this loss of creativity, especially to such “infernal machines”.

 

Larry Lessig’s points and arguments remind me of a short film I once watched entitled “2+2=5”.  In this film, a group of young boys were conditioned to act a certain way in the classroom.  If they disobeyed the teacher or the elder students, there were severe consequences.  One morning the teacher began his lecture by telling the students that the product of two and two was five.  They all had to repeat him over and over until they had conditioned themselves to think of this as the norm.  The one boy that challenged his teacher was forced to the front of the classroom in which he still did not obey.  He wanted to have a mind of his own.  He did not want to be persuaded by authority that easily.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EHAuGA7gqFU

 

The same goes for us.  The government has forced these laws on us, mostly to keep us safe.  But some of these laws are not truly enacted for our common good.  Copyright laws restrict our capability to be that independent, out-of-the-box thinker.  It chokes our creativity.

From Candidate Deceit to Government Position

John Oliver on Last Week Tonight recently discussed the issues of congressional fundraising; funding to support the campaigns of politicians.  It’s quite ironic actually.  These candidates and politicians subject almost as many as four hours a day to sit in an enclosed room to make calls in which they beg for money.  Literally beg for money, but then flipping the switch completely to pose for the public as if they are being forced to do this.  One politician even explained it as “embarrassing, ugly, and demeaning.”

They can make as many excuses as they want and act like their actions are as innocent as ever but before even getting to know one, our views of politicians are already that they generate their campaigns solely around deceit.  In fact, one candidate in the show even exclaimed that his tactic for successful fundraising was to go directly to the wealthier individuals first.  By doing this, more money could be earned in the same amount of time as a less experienced politician could earn by calling anyone and everyone for hopes of scrounging a couple hundred dollars.

It is said that a whole day could be constructed of a politician’s fundraising patterns; breakfast, lunch, and a reception.  There are many candidates that even use concerts and parties to ask for money.  They act as if they dread the task of asking for money, yet do it voluntarily.

The issue with this system, though, is that it is in fact not voluntary at all.  Everything exclaimed above is what is probably thought of a politician at first glance.  However, it is not actually like this.  We look at candidates as dishonest and untrustworthy but we fail to take a further look into what the candidate must go through to succeed.

In order for a candidate to receive votes from the public, they must be well known.  To be well known, a candidate must advertise.  Unless the candidate is wealthy enough to pay for their own campaigns, like Donald Trump, they must get money from somewhere.  This somewhere happens to be the people.  So, although congressional funding can be looked at from an insolent point of view, it is in fact quite necessary; it is an involuntary evil.

It only becomes evil if the candidate IS in fact dishonest and untrustworthy.  Donald Trump is a wealthy man, we know this.  However, many times in his speeches he hints to the people that he wants their money, he needs their money.  Due to the fact that he is running against people who are not as rich as him and who do ask for money, it seems almost normal that he would also be doing the same.  But Trump can afford his own campaigns.  He has made this very clear.  By asking for money, he only makes the others look like less of good candidates.  The government tends to be run by rich people for this very reason.  These wealthy candidates trick the people into thinking that they are better than the rest and the naïve or easily persuaded are all on board.

Ethos Without Words

Ethos is an appeal to ethics as means to convince a reader of an author’s credibility.  Scott McCloud, best known for his work in the production department of DC Comics and his many own comic series, establishes ethos in one of his most famous works, “Understanding Comics”.  In this series, a caricature of himself explains and traces the relationship between the use of words and pictures in a comic strip.

Of the first sixteen panels of this comic, six without words at all, McCloud is able to portray a very clear depiction of his young self during his class’ Show and Tell.  He stands at the front of the room, introducing his toy robot to his teacher and classmates.  He stumbles trying to explain the functions of his toy aloud but has a very easy time showing them.  In the fourth frame, his teacher insists that the boy TELL the class about his robot, not demonstrate.

This can be related to the idea of the combination of and harmony between words and pictures in comics.  An author/artist must choose between illustrating their comic through words, pictures, or both.  For many people, if they are given an image, they either want the exact words to know how to feel or they like to make their own dialogue.

I especially remember last year when my mother told me to listen to my baby sister read me a book for school.  I had read the book to her probably close to fifteen times and it was one of her favorites.  As she started reading, I realized that she wasn’t actually reading at all.  She would look directly at the pictures that accompanied it and would make up her own story.  There were times when she “read” to me and it would have absolutely nothing to do with the actual plot; her imagination would run wild.  Not only did I find this entertaining but I almost admired her for it.  She was able to look at a picture and explain exactly how it made her feel.  She could come up with a page worth of words for just one scene.  The pictures simply weren’t enough for her to be satisfied with.

McCloud tries to explain this exact theory through his comic.  He wants readers to see all of the variations of comics.  By portraying one of his childhood memories, he is able to help guide us to understand this.  He is able to establish ethos through this memory.

Also, the seventeenth frame interrupts the Show and Tell scene.  His older, more experienced self-caricature talks about how we have all been in a situation like this; where we “use words and images interchangeably.”  He is able to establish ethos in this way as well because he is proving to his audience that he has dealt with this for much of his life and is experienced in his opinions.

Unfair and Unrealistic Standards (That Are All Our Fault...)

Society seems to become infuriated and/or repulsed by the thought of celebrities living unhealthy lifestyles.  We gossip about those who smoke when nearly one in five of everyday humans has or is smoking currently.  We gawk at the idea of an overweight model.  We think it’s crazy for a celebrity to go to the grocery store without makeup on.  Why do we do this?  The answer is actually quite simple…

According to “Celebrity Bodies” by Daniel Harris, it was brought to my attention that “Hollywood didn’t create fat, anxious Americans; fat, anxious Americans created Hollywood, a vision of humanity that bears little resemblance to the typical dissipated physique…”  So often do we place unfair standards on our celebrities that we forget that most of the time they are actually quite unattainable and sometimes even detrimental and dangerous.

The essay opens with the proclamation of the death of two Uruguayan fashion models.  Harris claims that in the months before her death, one model only ate lettuce leaves in order to stay fit and healthy.  Now, this is not truly fit and healthy, for we know that a truly healthy diet is composed of a balance of proteins, fibers, etc.  But at the sign of a fashion model, we think that they really are being healthy.  We strive to be like this skinny woman but little do we know that she probably isn’t fueling her body very well.
Most common in the average adolescent, “thinspiration” is sought.  Kids want to be just like the skinny celebrities that they see on television and at awards shows.  However, it is fair to ask something like, “Does Lindsay Lohan’s waspish waistline make us skip meals and induce vomiting…?”  The answer is, of course, no.  Even if you were compelled to say “yes”, it isn’t her, only the idea of her that actually encourages you to transform.  Society created celebrities to reach the standards that are too high for the average human to reach.  We choose the most “perfect” humans to take on the most “perfect” lifestyle so that we don’t have to.
One of the things that struck me the most when reading this essay was that “The typical American woman is 5’4”, weighs 140 pounds, and wears a size 14; the typical fashion model is seven inches taller, twenty-three pounds lighters, and twelve to fourteen sizes smaller.”  We blame pop culture for x, y, and z, yet it is our fault that they feel like they have to live up to the standards we have set on them.  They are starving themselves, overworking themselves, causing harm to their bodies, just for our entertainment.

At the beginning of the year, my class watched a TED Talk by Cameron Russell.  She went on to tell us about how looks truly aren’t everything and that what we see may not actually be how it really is.  Russell is a fashion model who is actually very unhappy.  She is extremely insecure due to the fact that she knows she cannot go out unless she looks her best.  She is not allowed to have an off-day.  She is not allowed to look ghostly when she is sick and she is not allowed to wear sweatpants unless she won’t be seen.  Why are we placing these harsh standards on the lives of our celebrities when we do the exact things that they “should not” or “cannot” do?

My Zombie, My Fight

“My Zombie, Myself” by Chuck Klosterman talks of zombies and their immoral qualities.  Although there many medial incidents where humans attempt to kill zombies, they never completely die.  Even if they do, it doesn’t matter because there will be another zombie right behind the one that was just killed.
In my opinion, these zombies represent the common human’s addiction.  This does not necessarily include the common drug and alcohol addiction but also the minor addictions.  Perhaps we are completely unaware that they even exist.  To me, my addiction is my anxiety.  Even if I seem to kill it and it ends, it always seems to come back and haunt me.
On an average day, I go to school, go home, and then go to either dance or cheer.  It seems simple, and it is.  But at the same time it is extremely difficult.  I always seem to get anxious about the stupidest things.  I know how to control it and most of the time I am successful in doing so.  However, it always comes back.
The idea of killing zombies is no different.  Klosterman writes, “If there’s one thing we all understand about zombie killing, it’s that the act is uncomplicated: you blast one in the brain… That’s Step 1. Step 2 is doing the same thing to the next zombie that takes its place. Step 3 is identical to Step 2, and Step 4 isn’t any different from Step 3.”
Perhaps your own zombie is social media, or maybe it’s something more private.  Either way, the only way to overcome it is to persevere and be determined.
“Don’t travel at night and keep your drapes closed. Don’t let zombies spit on you. If you knock a zombie down, direct a second bullet into its brain stem. But above all, do not assume that the war is over, because it never is. The zombies you kill today will merely be replaced by the zombies of tomorrow. But you can do this, my friend. It’s disenchanting, but it’s not difficult. Keep your finger on the trigger. Continue the termination. Don’t stop believing. Don’t stop deleting. Return your voice mails and nod your agreements. This is the zombies’ world, and we just live in it. But we can live better.”

Hip Hop Nation

Abiodun Oyewole, founder of the Last Poets (para 18) once said, “A lot of today’s rappers have talent. But a lot of them are driving the car in the wrong direction.”

Especially at the very beginning of the hip hop movement, rappers appeared to create meaningful poetry.  Rap was a musical composition without an accompanying backbeat and harmony.  It didn’t have a negative effect on the general public.  It didn’t create uneasiness with older generations.  It was just a feel-good genre for a new kind of musician.

As time passed, rap seemed to revolve.  It was less about the artistry and more about an individual’s ruthless activities and rebellious attitudes.  Artists began to brag about their lives of crime and illicit behavior.  Lyrics were less poetic and more disruptive and violent.  Although this is certainly not true for every hip hop track today, the numerous examples started to build the genre’s decadent reputation.

There are artists today that support these ghastly lifestyles.  Lil Wayne, Chief Keef, and Young Thug are a few examples.  Most, if not all, of their music is disruptive and troublemaking.  Young children who find this music catchy and entertaining are being exposed to the seditious lyrics.  They may try to act like the rapper to be more like the rapper.  However, this is hurting our children.  They are growing up to think that what is wrong and even sometimes illegal, is okay because their idol can get away with it.

On the contrary, there are some artists who have kept the original hip hop vibes.  Drake, J. Cole, and Tupac Shakur are some examples.  They are rhythmical and eloquent and write their lyrics with positivity and motivation.  Rap truly isn’t all about the money, drugs, and alcohol.  Although many artists choose to portray their music like that, it should not define the genre.

Appealing to Majority over Honesty

To become president, it is the goal of each candidate to win over the majority of the peoples’ votes.  To do this, people must feel as if their opinions are being supported and confident that positive actions will be taken to achieve these views.

It is no surprise that politicians are sometimes extremely dishonest.  They often appeal to the more clever and deceitful side of politics in their campaigns and speeches than the truth in their beliefs.  To win over the votes of the people, it is easier to just take the shortcut and give the majority what they want; or at least say that it will happen that way.  According to W. W. Norton & Company, “candidates must devise a strategy, either by slightly changing their message or by finding a consistent middle ground, that does not alienate these voters.”  Irrespective of a politicians own beliefs, most will often alter their campaigns to grasp the attention of the majority of the people in whatever area they are speaking to.

Another strategy would be for the politician to indirectly answer any questions or speak on the subject of any specific topics.  It is common that if a politician is uncertain about what the “humanely correct” response should be, they will try to disregard or work their way around the suggested topic.  This may trick some voters into thinking the candidate’s views are more closely associated with their own.

Other than appealing to the general majority, a final effective strategy for presidential candidates is to have a consistent group of followers no matter where they choose to speak next.  With a common support group, the everyday person may feel more closely connected to one alike himself.  Seeing other everyday people out on the streets rallying and supporting this candidate might make a voter want to follow this candidate as well.

Although these many strategies are not honest in any way, they have been proven successful.  It is clear that many of today’s candidates use some of these strategies to gain the popularity and backing that they have attained.

However Extreme, It's Still a Solution

With Ireland experiencing such extreme and horrific conditions, Jonathon Swift provides a satirical solution.  Too many families continue to have babies without taking into consideration the economic side of this responsibility.  Being too poor to provide for their children, Swift suggests that these families turn to carnivorous ways of life.  By appealing to certain rhetorical strategies, he is able to portray his message in an almost serious and convincing tone.

 

To establish ethos, Swift sets the scene.  He includes his everyday observations and the lives of the people around him.  He also includes the fact that he has thought about this topic for a very long time.  He has his opinions that he believes will benefit the majority of his people.  This makes readers think that he is credible due to the fact that he has devoted so much time and effort into this matter.  He feels strongly about his opinions and values them enough to share them with everyone.

 

Swift establishes pathos by discussing the topic as if it can be laughed about.  While it is, in fact, a very serious and shocking suggestion, it is also extremely uncomfortable for readers.  Especially when he claims that “A young healthy child well nursed is at a year old, most delicious, nourishing, and wholesome food, whether stewed, roasted, baked, or broiled”, I felt my stomach turn.  For him to talk about eating young children is very sickening but also extremely emotional.

 

Swift finally establishes logos with his calm and convincing approach.  He seems to be completely persuaded by his own wild considerations and calls for a reader’s acceptance.  He states nothing but the advantages of eating such young children which only exposes our minds to positive solutions for a nation’s hunger.

To Be Bold Beyond Sexism

Virginia Woolf was the average American woman in the 1900s.  She wanted to bring about change in the treatment of woman but was not as vocal as many others.  She was a journalist whose work was filled with passion and eloquence.  However, there were limits and restrictions placed on what she was able to say and write.

 

In her piece “Professions for Women”, Woolf uses specific rhetorical strategies to reach her audience of, most likely, women.  The most effective strategy is her use of metaphors.  The most powerful metaphor in her piece is that of an “Angel in the House”.  She exclaims that she encounters with this Angel whenever she sits down to write the truth.  “…she slipped behind me and whispered: ‘My dear, you are a young woman… Never let anybody guess that you have a mind of your own…’”  The Angel tells Woolf to sugarcoat her words even if they are true and opinionated because that is what girls are NOT supposed to do.

 

The idea of sexism is strong in this piece.  Girls are told that they cannot do this, cannot do that, must stay in the house, must tend to the children and husbands, no matter how strong and independent and capable they may be.  The Angel in the House represents society’s idea of what women are supposed to do.  Later, Woolf tells us that she killed this Angel and “Had I not killed her she would have killed me.”  If Woolf had not persevered past society telling her “no” then she would have gotten absolutely nowhere.

 

Another metaphor she uses is that of an empty room.  Although this house is said to still be owned by the man, this room is hers.  It is bare and empty due to fear of being unlike what society tells her to be like.  However, she has killed the Angel in the House and is ready to decorate her room to how she wants, regardless of what she is told.

 

Woolf also uses rhetorical questions to draw her audience in.  She asks things like “…what is a woman?” and “…what obstacles are there for a woman rather than for a man?”  By asking these, she is able to establish pathos with her audience.  She connects with the other women who feel passionately about gender equality and a woman’s self-expression.

The Eloquence of Language

“We love eloquence for its own sake, and not for any truth which it may utter, or any heroism it may inspire. (1031)”

Eloquence: the practice or art of using language with fluency and aptness

Language both formal and not is beautiful.  Whether or not any work of literature and language is accurate and precise, it is still beautiful.  The beauty in this can inspire other people to express their own ideas of beauty.

Communication in all forms is effective.  Language is beyond valuable to our society, it is also necessary.  To advance upon our situations we use language, no matter how beautiful, to enhance our individuality and humanity.

Declarations for Independence and Sentiments

The Declaration of Independence, formally declared in July of 1776 by Thomas Jefferson, successfully declares the United States beliefs and justification in rebellion against King George III of England.  Jefferson does so in a way that is so effective due to the speech’s overall structure.  He begins with a preamble, describing the context of the declaration that is to follow.  He then declares what he considers to be “self-evident truths” which he insists should always have the support and security of the government.  The idea of “unalienable rights” and “Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness” act as an umbrella for the rest of the declaration.  He then states that “…whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it… (120)”

Jefferson then goes on to list the United States’ grievances against King George.  He does so to capture the attention of every audience member by stating that their current state is indeed, unfair.  He then goes on to state that the United States has required to speak and be heard, but their voices have just not been listened to.  He then restates his and the rest of the country’s desire to formally rebel.  By using this format Jefferson is able to effectively receive the attention and cooperation he requests.

Due to the success of Thomas Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence, a woman named Elizabeth Cady Stanton almost duplicates his format in her Declaration of Sentiments.  The Seneca Falls Convention in 1848 brings about this speech regarding the equality and rights of women.  To begin, Stanton summarizes the situation that the women of this convention are undergoing.  She initiates her own declaration with the phrase, “We hold these truths to be self-evident; that all men and women are created equal… (123)”  The use of this quote with the addition to the word “women” formalizes her speech and introduces her almost feministic tone.  She speaks on behalf for the women, who believe that they should be just as equal and have just as many rights as the men.

Stanton then lists women’s’ grievances against society and the power of men.  Some examples are as follows:

“He has made her, if married, in the eye of law, civilly dead.”

Women do not have nearly as many rights as the men do and it is the social norm for men to deprive her of all individual voice and opinion.

“…if single, and the owner of property, he has taxes her to support a government which recognizes her only when her property can be made profitable to it.”

If the owner of property, men have the right to tax her.  In the eyes of government, she is only seemed to be important if she owns this property and pays these taxes.

Stanton then goes on to declare that just as men in the Declaration of Independence, the women are asking for their voice to be heard and they feel they have every right to do so.  If they are not able to receive this equality that they desire then they feel as though they also have the right to rebel, regardless of what the men in power may say.  Just as Jefferson does, Stanton calls to action the women of the convention.  If change is to be made, it must not be shied away from and if the resort is rebellion, then they shall rebel.

 

The stylistic choices and formation of structure is very similar of these two pieces of Old English literature.  Both were written for formal events intended to have an audience and both are for a movement of desire for change.  Both authors are very brave and opinionated but ready to lead even if it may call for danger.  Their speeches were written in an effective way that captured both the consideration and support of the audience members.

Modern Analysis of John Adams

John and Abigail Adams' exchange during the wartime in Boston is used as historical writing today.  The writing is old fashioned and complicated to a modern reader, and the style can teach us a lot.


During the Revolutionary War, Abigail and John exchange letters back and forth just to catch up with each other.  In class today we read two of these letters.  In the first, Abigail Adam plees for her husband to "remember the ladies".  She states that if he fails to do this, the women will join forces and revolt.  In almost sarcastic and annoyed response, John replies, "Whenever Vanity, and Gaiety, a Love of Pomp and Dress, Furniture, Equipage, Buildings, great Company, expensive Diversions, and elegant Entertainments get the better of the Principles and Judgments of Men or Women there is no knowing where they will stop, nor into what Evils, natural, moral, or political, they will lead us. (538)"


The sentence is abnormally long to emphasize his continuous thoughts.  The capitalized words in the middle cause the reader to focus on these ideas of vanity, gairty, love, etc.  He writes in a less formalized tone, expressing the comfortableness he has with his wife.  These factors combined make it harder for the reader to pick out a specific tone.

An Alien in the Foreign

In David Sedaris' 'Me Talk Pretty One Day', the story is told of a man who travels to France to take a language class.  He is already scared to begin with, and is then thrown into a foreign country with its social and linguistic norms.  He exclaims that "...it's everybody into the language pool, sink or swim." (219)  He feels so out-of-place that he even resists going shopping or out because "...those things were out of the question, as they involved having to speak..." (221)


He is then introduced to his language class where the teacher is the opposite of what we would have expected.  Perhaps there is extreme satire in the teacher's character or perhaps she is being rude for a purpose.  She seems to motivate her students by acting rude and insulting.  Her diction and mockery makes her students fear her and her class, which helps them work harder than they probably would have if she was easygoing.


Sedaris says things like "...we would now be scolded for..." (221) which illustrates the idea that they are consistently ridiculed for even the simplest of things.  And quite harshly at that.  He says later in his memoir, "The teacher's reaction led me to believe that these mistakes were capital crimes in the country of France." (220)  He and the other students were shamed for not being completely fluent in the language.


Gabby brought up an interesting point in class.  She said that it was interesting that the author could speak publically and write flawlessly in English but had the hardest time even constructing a single sentence when he visited France.

Why Rush Childhood?

In Leon Botstein's 'Let Teenagers Try Adulthood', the idea of teenagers growing up quickly is discussed.  He believes that since society forces teens to do "grown-up" things while we are still young, the school system should develop to meet these levels as well.  If children are getting pregnant before they become adults then shouldn't they as well be able to make responsible decisions like where to work and how to do it?


Absolutely not.  The immature teenager in me wants to agree with his comments on lowering the graduation age to sixteen.  However, I myself am a sixteen years old and have no clue what I want to do in the future.  I hate to admit it, but staying in school until I am eighteen is probably the only way for me to find out what my true passion is.


I enjoy mathematics.  I tend to do well in them and I like the idea that all problems have an exact answer; there is no room for interpretation.  As I take higher level math classes at my school, I am starting to realize that not all math comes easily to me.  I am often very confused and am starting to think that things like imaginary solutions and complex conjugates are not what I want to continue to do in my life.  By staying in high school and taking the assigned classes, I am able to be subjected to the basics which is, in turn, helping me further explore my interests.


"Stay young as long as you can, cause when you grow old you can't get it back."

Analysis of Slang in America

1. Slang is  not particularly in America, it probably just feels like that to us because we live in America and are constantly surrounded by people that speak English.
2. The opening paragraph states that the English language is actually very diverse.  It is a "combiner" and a "conqueror".  This paragraph lays the foundation for the rest of the ideas to follow because the majority then discusses examples of slang and how it has become second nature to us.  Because of the fact that we are so uniform to our language yet so lazy at the same time, slang has become the social norm.
3. lawless- contrary to or without regard for law
germinal- being in the earliest stage of development
perennial- lasting for a long time
Slang is not uniform to a set law of how it should be done.  It revolves around the people and their needs and preferences.  It is also not scripted.  Slang is just known and accepted by everyone that speaks English.  A modern example of slang that applies to the definition that Whitman describes is "yolo".  This word was more popular in the beginning of 2014 when singer/songwriter Drake used it in one of his songs.  "Yolo" was never taught in grade school nor does it appear in a dictionary.  It is not a proper noun nor a verb.  It simply means "you only live once".  Even though it was never properly taught to anyone, it still become globally known and extremely popular among young people.
4. Whitman uses two metaphors in the second paragraph; "Slang... is the lawless germinal element..." and "Slang... is the wholesome fermentation or eructation of those processes eternally active in language..."  I believe that the first is more effective because it proves that slang is almost foolish and absurd.  It is not necessary in society yet we considerate it be.
5. To make his perspective "plainer" by using easy and simple phrases to explain what he means.  He also includes examples of slang to allow us to understand more clearly.
6. According the Whitman, the relationship between slang and mythology is that both have unknown origins.  As mythology pertains to gods and mythical creatures, slang has no exact beginning.
7. I believe these examples illustrate a single point.  Slang changes no matter where in the world you may go.  It is the simplest form of every language.
8. I think the argument about humorists undercuts Whitman's essay.  Although he is trying to make a point about others and their relations with slang, his original opinion is about American slang being ridiculously unnecessary.
9. The overall tone of this essay is serious.  He also seems to be very passionate about this topic.  Whitman addresses his opinion on slang in America and then backs it up with examples and evidence.  In the last paragraph, Whitman refers to slang as "...the start of fancy, imagination and humor..."  He speaks very highly and almost proudly of American slang.
10. From what I have previously read by him, Whitman tends to use short, simple phrases.  He likes these phrases to have deep meaning that must be deeply analyzed.  Although there were short phrases, they were not always very simple.  His passion about the subject seemed to elongate each sentence in order to comment and praise more fully the language and composition of American slang.
11. Whitman's definition is that many slang words have been stripped of literal meaning in order to become something completely different, exactly what they are not.  A common example of this is the phrase "to hang out".  Literally, that would look more like animals hanging from trees.  People use it, instead, to refer to spending time with friends.
12. As a young adult, I use slang very often with friends and even family.  It has become a great part of my typical, everyday life.  Although adults tend to think that we do it to feel cool or just because we are lazy, it is actually just how the world is.  Everyone uses slang, they just don't realize how often they do.

A Bilingual Tongue

"Mother Tongue" by Amy Tan is about a woman whose mother is originally from China.  English is not her mother's native language and that plays a very big role in her life.


A few paragraphs in, Tan includes a direct quotation from the foreign tongue of her mother.  By doing this, se is able to show the reader the lack of "strength" of her mother's English.  If she were to paraphrase instead, the whole idea of her essay would have been weakened.  The literal example helps us to realize that her mother really was a poor English speaker, and that must have truly made it hard on the family.


Tan then switches the blame around and criticizes herself for using "carefully wrought grammatical phrases, burdened... with nominalized forms, past perfect tenses, conditional phrases...".  She wants us to know that she feels she must use all of those to be the most perfect professional writer.  If someone were to tell us that they were an author or journalist then we would most likely expect to see words and phrases that are so meticulously thought up and produced.  She then goes on to say how much she enjoys speaking in the most simplest terms, not only for just her mother.  Even with her own husband she does not seem to use such intense language.  The process she goes through to write for the average American is not normal for her and she is not completely comfortable with having to be so many different people to please everyone.

Forever Cast As Foreign

In "The 'F Word'" by Firoozeh Dumas, Americans tend to judge others by their names.  If they are different in any obvious way, they will treat them as an outcast.  Firoozeh, originally from Iran, moved to America when she was young and she tells of her struggles regarding her name.


Dumas uses humor throughout her memoir to add a sense of sarcasm.  She begins by saying that "...nobody without a mask and a cape has a z in his name."  She does this to issue the fact that yes, she knows that her name is unique.  She creates unity with the Americans by explaining that she understands where they come from by acting indifferent or confused.  She then switches the table and states that "...this would be a richer country if all Americans could do a little tongue aerobics and learn to pronounce..."  This is humorous in the fact that Americans like to stick to simplicity, even when choosing names, and she sees this.


A few paragraphs later, Dumas uses an analogy of a spice cabinet when referring to Americans and the foreign sounds that they refuse to learn.  She says that "having a foreign name in this land of Joes and Marys is a pain in the spice cabinet."


Dumas explains that her most hardships where in the time of grade school.  She reveals that her "name, Firoozeh... In America... means 'Unpronounceable' or "I'm Not Going to Talk to You Because I Cannot Possibly Learn Your Name..."  The humor comes in this statement when she reports that her name is the equivalent of the almost "I'm too embarrassed to mess up your name so I won' try".


Later in her life, she encountered different situations.  She says, "Usually, if I'm waiting to be called by someone who doesn't know me, I will respond to just about any name starting with an F."  She later refers back to this statement with sarcastic humor by saying "I am highly accommodating."  The fact that she feels she has to accommodate according to the typical American person is quite amusing.


By including humor, Dumas can take stress off of the idea that she might actually be upset that people separate her from society over something so dull.  It also helps the reader feel more connected to the author eve if they have absolutely nothing in common.  Dumas tended to criticize the American population inconspicuously throughout this memoir.  By adding humor, it all became less cruel.

This I Believe

It's one thing to work and make a living and its another to work too much that it takes over your life.  Humans should have a balance between working and living so that pay can still be made but hours are not lost with family and friends.

I believe that people should work to live, not live to work.  The absence of this reason results in an unbalanced lifestyle, with the complete focus on one's source of income- their job.

People tend to be obsessed with their job because receiving their pay at the end of the week is gratifying.  Hardworking people are admired in our society and we strive to be placed under these same economical and social statuses.  However,  the act of working hard is not measured in pay nor in hours worked.  We have no sense of when it is reasonable to stop and rest.

As a result, we may sometimes feel that our idea of working hard isn't hard enough.  This causes us to work harder than ever, sometimes keeping us blind to the fact that we are taking time away from other values in our life.

Many people measure their pride in their success.  As adults, many would consider their jobs their main source of happiness- except when they are in the midst of a conflict at work, when then they are then predominantly frustrated or upset.

A couple years ago, I realized the difference between the lives of my mother and father.  My mother constantly stresses over work, letting her pessimistic attitude affect her time at home.  My dad is the complete opposite.  He has a well-paying job and works very hard to keep it, but he rarely ever brings his work life into the house.  This leads him to constantly have an optimistic attitude and time for more fun activities.

This past summer, I was supposed to take a trip to Florida.  My mother ended up calling the trip off because there was a problem with her job.  She had to go in extra hours and work late into the night trying to resolve it.  I rarely ever got to see her.  She let her job take time and fun away from her family.

Although I am still a student and do not have a full-time job to concentrate on, I am very fond of dancing.  I have classes nearly ever night and I often go home after a practice and continue working on the steps.  Instead of doing homework or getting ready for the next day, I am so focused on conquering the moves that I let it appropriate all of my free time.

As I grow older, I tell myself that I want to try my best to stray away from the idea of living to work.  There is more to life than self-brought up ideas of success and there are more ways to succeed than just at work.

The True Meaning of "Home"

"Where we love is home- home that our feet may leave, but not our hearts."
Oliver Wendell Holmes

The literal definition of a home, according to dictionary.com is "a house, apartment, or other shelter that is the usual residence of a person, family, or household." Over the past few weeks, while discussing the idea of a community, I now know this to be false. A home does not always have to be someone's house. A home is truly where someone feels as though they belong; that when everything seems to be going wrong they can go there, like home plate.

Luckily enough for me, I have the privilege of having two places to call my home. One is in Rhode Island, with my mom, and the other in Massachusetts, with my dad. With the stress of the day, I often look to these places for comfort not only in the lived-in appeal with my belongings, but also because of the others living there. Community plays a huge role in feeling at home. To be surrounded by people that care about you and can make you laugh is always the real factor.

Another important factor is whether or not the environment is safe. A home should be a place of safety. There should be no doubt that there is any danger whatsoever. Also, acceptance, which is probably the biggest factor. To feel at home should mean that there is no reason to try and impress anyone. You should be loved for who you are and what you become.